FUNDAMENTS OF ANIMAL ORGANICITY

How wonderfully the cell functions! The cell is the "elementary individual living matter", the fundamental functional unit.

But inside the cell, there are many fundamental sub-units. In fact, the cell is hosting more than a billion distinct, differentiated, biotic molecules. Most of these are constructed o amino acids, which themselves are segregated and assembled according to the ribo-nucleic language of the cell. The information for the aliveness of the cell are embedded in the nucleic acid molecules. Nucleic acids are the foundational animate molecules. They are in the nucleus of the cell.

There are hundreds of kinds of amino acids in nature; such as Valine, Tyrosine, Lysine, Phenylalanine et cetera. About twenty kinds are used in building the proteins of the body. In coupling amino acids into proteinacious organelles, tissues, organs et sequentia, te cell's nucleus uses a form of language. Like written technical or cultural language, alphabets are involved. But unlike any written or spoken language, instead of dozens or scores of letters, (ribo)nucleic alphabets consist of just four letters.DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) uses Adenine, Cytosine, Guanine and Thymine.
Similar is RNA (ribonucleic acid): Adenine, Cytosine, Guanine and Uracil. Each of these is a sub-molecule of these two categories of ribonucleic acids. Microscopically, DNA looks rather like a slightly twisted chain. There are several variants of RNA.

Proteins are the most diversified of life's molecules. The protein catalogue includes Anti-bodies (immunoglobulins); Enzymes (such as maltase, lactase, stepsin...); Hormones (such as thyroxin, testosterone, progesterone, oxytocin, insulin, adrenalin...); Messengers; Transporters; Cleaners (ubiquitins); Waste processors (proteasomes); Energy chambers (mitochondria); Structural proteins (membranes, hyalin bodies, ligaments, skeleton...) etc.

to make a specific protein, a section of the DNA is unzipped;the genetic information (specified configuration of the nucleic alphabets: adenine, cytosine, thymine guanine, uracil) is made into a type of RNA. A mobile chamber in the cell, Ribosomes, binds unto the RNA and "reads" the information it is bearing. Another RNA variant brings "raw materials" from the digested stuff that has been assimilated into the blood stream to the ribosomes. the ribosomes links the different types of amino acid molecules into protein compounds, according to the information available. A protein molecule maybe made up of more than three hundred amino-acid molecules.

There are more than a hundred thousand different kinds of protein, all composed from the about twenty kinds of amino acid, use-able in the human body.

ENZYMES
Enzymes are organic catalysts. They quicken changes in the chemistry and structure of other molecules, such as food. In fact, without enzymes, some foods usually digested in a couple of hours would take fifty years to digest.
Some enzymes disintegrate molecules; some others unite molecules: to form new molecules. An enzyme molecule can work on thousands of other molecules at same time.

ANTIBODIES
Antibodies are substances that work at destroying, "dis-arming", or blockading substances foreign or unwelcome to the body. Sometime, they destroy even familiar substances taken or mistaken for the foreign and the undesirable. Antibodies are antibiotic.

HORMONES
Hormones are executive-messengers molecules. They travel through the blood and lymph to the intended sites of action. They inhibit, impede, or stimulate activities at other parts of the body. Examples: growth, sleepiness, alertness,...

Newly minted proteins are coded to what they will be or where they will work.

Activities need energy to be carried out. The cell gets its energy from some types of molecules, mainly carbohydrates and lipids. This is done in the intra-cellular chambers called mitochondria. In prolonged absence of, or insufficiency of carbohydrates and lipids, the body purposedly de-aminates its proteins and consumes them for energy. A starving person emaciates.